Gender and language in ELT materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender and language in ELT materials - Essay Example emic and social discourses around the world for several decades now. Gender issues such as equality have taken centre stage in the world today, and many efforts are being directed at eliminating all forms of discrimination against women; gender equality has now been acknowledged as a universal human right and was articulated as the third millennium goal of the Millennium Summit in 2000 (Deirdre and Maryann 2008, p.303). Education reflects the global efforts by addressing issues such as gender equality and inequality in society; however, there could be worrisome possibilities that education of women, men, girls and boys, has been compromised in the past because of both explicit and implicit gender bias. In this respect, gender bias and language in the English Language Teaching materials have been major areas of focus in the current practice, in an effort to crackdown on any forms of gender bias against the women in society. This paper aims at examining gender and language in ELT mater ials in the current practice, to highlight, among other things, the new understandings of gender inherent in the ELT materials, in addition to the language specifics of ELT materials. Gender biasness in ELT materials can be explained by the ambivalent sexism theory because they depict both hostile sexism -denoting an active antagonistic view of women that, both explicitly negative and restrictive, and benevolent sexism-beliefs that women should be cherished, adored and protected from harm (Mehta et al 2013, p.38). As far as benevolent sexism is explicitly positive, it restricts women by viewing them stereotypically and in limited low-status roles, thus is just as potentially damaging as hostile sexism. Ambivalent sexism is built on three major aspects namely dominant/protective paternalism, gender differentiation and, heterosexuality; dominant paternalism/competitive or heterosexual hostility and gender differentiation are elements of hostile sexism whereas protective paternalism is an element of benevolent sexism. Dominant paternalism is the mechanism through which attributes thought to be suitable for positions of power and structural control are assigned to men whereas protective paternalism is the idea that women are ‘weaker sex’ that should be protected and cherished. Heterosexual hostility is the belief that women use their sexuality to control men; competitive gender differentiation refers to the belief that men are the only sex with characteristics such as ambition and agency, which are essential for positions of power and high status. It is no doubt that language is a very powerful tool of socialization that often times shapes the social constructions of gender in many societies across the world today; for decades now, studies have been concerned with the social justice issues. One of the predominant themes of these investigations has always been the role of language in the location and maintenance of women in disadvantageous position in society (Corson 1992, p.230). It has been established repeatedly that education plays a major role in creating unjust

A contemporary artist Robert Smithson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A contemporary artist Robert Smithson - Essay Example The essay "A contemporary artist Robert Smithson" talks about Robert Smithson, the American artist. He plunged into various realms of architecture, making plans or different regions, and explored industrial development wherein he devout himself in different sampling, such that resembles an earth scientist. By observing much of his works, further discussing his idea is essential to describe him as an environmental artist (earth artist) and an innovator in his field. This is because he is finding another ways of making himself enganged in capturing the beauty of this world. In this context, he was able to connect his perspective to the places he is turning to be his works of art establishing the relationship between environment and art. He developed and raised the idea about site and non-site art, not a jargon, but a term he employ himself. Non-site art is the location where art in different forms is being displayed or kept, like galleries and museums where evidences of the works (phot os, film etc.) are collected. On the other hand, the â€Å"site† is the place itself, where the artistic freedom is formed, which is to be particular, pertains to the earthworks that he frequently made. In this perspective he developed concepts that has become so essential in describing his distinct views about how art can be applied not as how it has been traditionally described and exercised. As Smithson cleave to his innovative idea, he engaged himself in developing land into his own earthwork. He produces monumental landscapes.